Intestinal Peyer’s Patches: Structure, Function, and In Vitro Modeling

METHODS@#In this review, we summarize the unique structure and function of intestinal PPs and current technologies to establish in vitro intestinal PP system focusing on M cell within the follicle-associated epithelium and IgA+ B cell models for studying mucosal immune networks. Furthermore, multidisciplinary approaches to establish more physiologically relevant PP model were proposed. @*RESULTS@#PPs are surrounded by follicle-associated epithelium containing microfold (M) cells, which serve as special gateways for luminal antigen transport across the gut epithelium. The transported antigens are processed by immune cells within PPs and then, antigen-specific mucosal immune response or mucosal tolerance is initiated, depending on the response of underlying mucosal immune cells. So far, there is no high fidelity (patho)physiological model of PPs; however, there have been several efforts to recapitulate the key steps of mucosal immunity in PPs such as antigen transport through M cells and mucosal IgA responses. @*CONCLUSION@#Current in vitro PP models are not sufficient to recapitulate how mucosal immune system works in PPs. Advanced three-dimensional cell culture technologies would enable to recapitulate the function of PPs, and bridge the gap between animal models and human.

A Review of Practical Use and Research Trends on Nursing Management Minimum Data Sets (NMMDS) / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review articles on Nursing Management Minimum Data Sets (NMMDS) and to suggest strategies to improve practical use of NMMDS in nursing management. METHODS: A systematic search for articles published until 2013 was undertaken using the following biomedical databases: CINAHL, PubMed, and Google scholar. Seventeen articles were fully reviewed. RESULTS: The results showed that studies were related to updating NMMDS reflecting current EHR use, mapping NMMDS to standardized national databases, and validating, translating and evaluating NMMDS for international uses. NMMDS has three dimensions and was developed reflecting the needs of nurse managers. CONCLUSION: The study findings provide a summary of recent trends in NMMDS. These results can serve as basic information to promote practical use of NMMDS in the healthcare organization to provide nursing management data for nurse managers.

Violence Frequency by Sexual Assault Characteristics / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Sexual assaults are increasing in the world. They are frequently associated with violence of verbal or physical force and threat. The aim of this study is to investigate frequency of violence according to characteristics of sexual assault. METHODS: Eighty two female sexual assault victims were referred to the psychiatric clinic from Gwangju One-Stop Service Center between Sep. 4, 2006 and Dec. 31, 2012. We compared the frequency of violence, including verbal or physical force and threat according to characteristics of sexual assault : sexual assault type ; relationship with perpetrator ; time lag to visit one-stop center ; assault location. RESULTS: According to the results, 58.5% (n=48) of subjects had experienced violence before the sexual assaults. Compared to rape (50.9%), indecent (76.0%) showed more frequent violence ; and stranger assailant (81.8%) showed greater frequency of violence than acquaintance (50.0%). Victims who visited the One-stop center within 24 hours (76.7%) had greater exposure to violence than those who visited after 24 hours (48.1%). Regarding assault location, violence frequency was higher in other locations (65.7%) than in accommodations (26.7%). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that frequency of violence before sexual assaults could be influenced by their characteristics.

Two Cases of Bone Metastasis from Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Several Years after Initial Thyroidectomy / 대한내분비외과학회지

A 78-year-old woman presented with epigastric discomfort with nausea, and an abdominal CT revealed a rib mass and gall bladder polyp. She had had a subtotal thyroidectomy of a 4.2×3 cm-sized follicular thyroid carcinoma 19 years ago. The rib mass was excised and its histological examination showed a metastatic carcinoma from a follicular thyroid carcinoma. One month later we carried out a completion thyroidectomy, and we will perform radioactive ablation with ¹³¹I. A 64-year-old woman presented to our clinic for leg motor weakness and we found a T7 pathologic fracture by X-ray and MRI. She had had a left thyroid lobectomy for a minimal invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma measuring 4 cm at the greatest diameter. Anterior-decompression and fusion were carried out, and histological examination showed a metastatic lesion from the thyroid. Then we performed a completion thyroidectomy and 131I radioactive ablation one month later. Radioactive ablation should be performed for large-sized follicular carcinomas to prevent recurrences.

A Case of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome with Novel Mutation in Exon 2 of the WASP Gene / 소아과

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome(WAS) is an X-linked recessive immunodeficiency characterized by thrombocytopenia with small platelet volume, eczema, and recurrent infections, and is also characterized by increased incidence of auto immune diseases and malignancies. The phenotype observed in this syndrome is caused by mutation in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein(WASP) gene localized to the proximal short arm of the X chromosome and recently isolated through positional cloning. The gene encodes a 502 amino acid protein, which contains 12 exons and spans 9 kb of genomic DNA. The function of the encoded protein is not well understood. The clinical diagnosis of WAS can be difficult and is usually confirmed by the detection of WASP gene mutations and the expression of WSAP in patient blood sample using genetic analysis. We reported a case of a 13-month old boy with WAS who was identified with the novel mutation in exon 2 of WASP gene by direct sequencing and the complete absence of WASP expression by immunoblotting.